The industrial revolution began in the Great Britain, which had large deposits of iron ore and coal - the fuel on which modern industry first depended - and a political system that encouraged private enterprises and investment. Britain also had a thriving cottage industry from which a new business economy could evolve. For instance, workers spun and wove wool and cotton by hand at home.
After James Watt perfected the steam engine in the 1760s and steam power was applied to spinning and weaving, the textile industry bloomed. Cottages gave ways to factories and the productivity of workers soared, producing profits and attracting investors, which allowed companies to purchase equipment and build more factories. Steam powered locomotives, introduced in the early 2800s, linked factories to cities, ports and coal mines. During the 19th century, the industrial revolution spread across Europe and reached other parts of the world, including the United States and Japan.
The initial impact of industrialization was traumatic. Protestors known as Luddites sabotaged machinery, fearing widespread unemployment. Children toiled 12 hours a day in mills, exposed to choking dust, and machines that mangled arms and legs. A visitor to Manchester, England, in 1842 likened the city's many amputees to an "army just returned from a campaign". Industrialization and overcrowding left cities cloaked in coal smoke and teeming with sewage and other filth that caused plague as cholera. Efforts to form unions or go on strike were thwarted. Proposed remedies for these ills ranged from the utopian socialism of Robert Owen - a British manufacturer who established model industrial communication in Scotland and Indiana - to the communism of Karl Marx a german political philosopher who collaborated with Friedich Engels in 1848 to produce the communist manifesto, which forecast a class struggle that would lead to a dictatorship of the proletariat and ultimately to a classless society. What Max did not foresee were the gains labourers would make as industrial, scientific, and political advances improved living and working conditions and bought employers higher wages and shorter working hours.
In 1831, Englishman Michael Faraday discovered that moving a magnet through a coiled wire produces an electric current. This led to the electrification of the entire cities by late 1800s and the use of electric signals to communicate by telegraph, telephone and radio pioneered by Guglielmo Marconi of Italy in the 1890s. Around the same time, Rudolf Diesel of Germany and other perfected the oil-fueled internal combustion engines which supplanted steam power in factories and ships and ushered in the age of automobiles and airplanes. These momentus developments gave industrialized societies huge advantages over preindustrial societies and left much of the world under the influence or control of a small number of great powers.
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| The First Industrial Revolution |
After James Watt perfected the steam engine in the 1760s and steam power was applied to spinning and weaving, the textile industry bloomed. Cottages gave ways to factories and the productivity of workers soared, producing profits and attracting investors, which allowed companies to purchase equipment and build more factories. Steam powered locomotives, introduced in the early 2800s, linked factories to cities, ports and coal mines. During the 19th century, the industrial revolution spread across Europe and reached other parts of the world, including the United States and Japan.
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| Factories during the Industrial Revolution |
The initial impact of industrialization was traumatic. Protestors known as Luddites sabotaged machinery, fearing widespread unemployment. Children toiled 12 hours a day in mills, exposed to choking dust, and machines that mangled arms and legs. A visitor to Manchester, England, in 1842 likened the city's many amputees to an "army just returned from a campaign". Industrialization and overcrowding left cities cloaked in coal smoke and teeming with sewage and other filth that caused plague as cholera. Efforts to form unions or go on strike were thwarted. Proposed remedies for these ills ranged from the utopian socialism of Robert Owen - a British manufacturer who established model industrial communication in Scotland and Indiana - to the communism of Karl Marx a german political philosopher who collaborated with Friedich Engels in 1848 to produce the communist manifesto, which forecast a class struggle that would lead to a dictatorship of the proletariat and ultimately to a classless society. What Max did not foresee were the gains labourers would make as industrial, scientific, and political advances improved living and working conditions and bought employers higher wages and shorter working hours.
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| The Spinning Jenny - One of the important invention of the Industrial revolution |
In 1831, Englishman Michael Faraday discovered that moving a magnet through a coiled wire produces an electric current. This led to the electrification of the entire cities by late 1800s and the use of electric signals to communicate by telegraph, telephone and radio pioneered by Guglielmo Marconi of Italy in the 1890s. Around the same time, Rudolf Diesel of Germany and other perfected the oil-fueled internal combustion engines which supplanted steam power in factories and ships and ushered in the age of automobiles and airplanes. These momentus developments gave industrialized societies huge advantages over preindustrial societies and left much of the world under the influence or control of a small number of great powers.
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